Changes in Quebec Society

''Quebec changed a whole lot between 1900 and 1980! '' <p>Your task is to identify the causes and effects of these changes. Before getting started, it's super important to know the difference between a cause and an effect ! * ''A CAUSE is WHY something happened.'' You can ask "Why did this happen?" and the answer is the cause! * ''An EFFECT is WHAT happened because of the CAUSE.'' It's the result or what comes next. You can ask "What happened because of that?" and the answer is the effect! Here is a photo of dominos as an example: <p> <div style="position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 56.5217%; padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;"> <iframe loading="lazy" style="position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;" src="https://www.canva.com/design/DAGsNBsg60Q/6q2pOH41kgxo__Qs4_JdTQ/view?embed" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" allow="fullscreen"> </iframe> </div> The push was the cause, and the effect is the dominos falling. Here is a hint: the cause always happens first, and the effect(s) always happens after. It's your turn to find causes and effects of changes. Pick what you want to explore first:<p> <nav>[[Changes in the economy]] <nav> <nav>[[Changes in services ]]<nav> <nav>[[Changes in education]]<nav>

Changes in Services In the early 1900s, when people in Quebec got sick, they had to pay for all their medical care themselves. Most hospitals were run by nuns from the Catholic Church, and families had to find money to pay for doctors, medicine, and hospital stays. Many poor families couldn't afford to go to the hospital when they were sick, so some people didn't get the help they needed. <img src="https://societies.learnquebec.ca/wp-content/uploads/nggallery/quebec-1980/nn_d9aee164506031.jpg" Around the 1960s the Quebec government decided this wasn't fair. They believed that everyone should be able to see a doctor when they were sick, whether they were rich or poor. So the government created health insurance that would pay for everyone's hospital care. The government took over running the hospitals from the Church and made sure that all Quebecers could get free medical help. ''Question:'' Based on the above document, that was the main CAUSE of the Quebec playing a larger role in health care ? [[A) The Church asked the government to take over the hospitals]] [[B) Many families couldn't afford medical care ]] [[C) Doctors asked because they wanted more money from the government]]

Attendance Document - Newspaper Article (1943) "The Law on Education has been passed! Starting this year, all children in Quebec between ages 6 and 14 must go to school. Under this new law, all elementary education will be free. Up until now, many children stayed home to help on farms or work in factories. Now parents will get in trouble if they don't send their children to school. The government wants to make school accessible to all and because of this new rule, thousands more children are going to go school every day to get a better education." <img src="https://societies.learnquebec.ca/wp-content/uploads/nggallery/quebec-1980/thumbs/thumbs_nn_992fd178506022.jpg" ''Question:'' What was an EFFECT of the Law of Education? [[A) Children had to stop going to church on Sundays.]] [[B) Thousands more children started going to school every day.]] [[C) Parents had to pay money to send children to school.]]

Urbanization in Quebec <img src="https://societies.learnquebec.ca/wp-content/uploads/nggallery/quebec-1980/nn_7072572f506018.jpg" In 1901, 60% of people in Quebec lived in the countryside. More of these people worked on small farms. But over the next 80 years, this changed completely. Industrialization caused more and more factories to open in cities. Lots of people left their family farms. They moved to big cities like Montreal and Quebec City because that's where they could find jobs. By 1961, 75% of Quebecers lived in cities. This huge change from country life to city life is called urbanization. ''Question:'' Accorsing to the document, what was the main CAUSE of urbanization in Quebec? [[A) The government wanted people to move to cities so they would grow.]] [[B) Factories opened in cities. People moved to get jobs.]] [[C) People wanted to live closer to their neighbours and stores.]]

Industrialization Between 1900 and 1980, Quebec's economy changed completely. At first, Quebec's economy was based on farming and selling raw materials like logs and minerals to other countries. Quebec had lots of natural resources - trees, rivers for electricity, and minerals underground. <img src="https://societies.learnquebec.ca/wp-content/uploads/nggallery/quebec-1905/Women-working-in-the-textile-industry-1915.JPG" Smart business people realized they could make more money by turning these raw materials into finished products right here in Quebec. So they built paper mills and factories to make paper, metal products, and clothes. We call the change industrialization, when people started to make things in factories instead of by hand, using machines powered by electricity! By 1980, instead of just selling raw products like wood to other places, Quebec was making and selling finished paper, metal goods, and other products all around the world. This made Quebec much richer and gave people better-paying jobs. ''QUESTION:'' What was the main CAUSE of Quebec building more factories? [[A) People were richer and wanted to build factories.]] [[B) Quebec had lots of natural resources that could be turned into more valuable products.]] [[C) Other countries stopped selling to Quebec so they needed to make their own stuff.]]

Actually, it was the opposite! Look at this part of the text: "Smart business people realized they could make more money by..." The paragraph shows that business people (not regular people) built the factories to make money. Also notice: "This made Quebec much richer" - this tells us people became rich AFTER the factories, not before. Try again [[Industrialization]]

Excellent work! You found the correct cause! What do you want to explore next? [[Industrialization]] [[Transportation and communication]] or, go back to the [[Introduction]]

Look carefully at the end of the paragraph: "By 1980, instead of just selling raw wood to other places, Quebec was making and selling finished paper, metal goods, and other products all around the world." This shows countries were STILL buying from Quebec - they were just buying different things! Try again [[Industrialization]]

Electricity In the early 1900's, electricity was made by many different small companies. Each one was owned by different people. In 1962, during the Quiet Revolution, the Quebec government decided to buy all these little electricity companies and put them together to create one giant company called Hydro-Québec. This meant that electricity was controlled by the Quebec government. To make all the power, Hydro-Québec built huge dams on rivers in different parts of Quebec, sometimes on land where Indigenous peoples lived. This led to Quebec making lots of electricity and growing its economy, but it also impacted the land and ways of life of many Indigenous Peoples. <img src="https://societies.learnquebec.ca/wp-content/uploads/nggallery/quebec-1905/Shawinigan-Falls-QC-about-1930.JPG" ''Question: '' Which of these was NOT an effect the Quiet Revolution?'' [[A) Electricity in Quebec became controlled by the Quebec government.]] [[B) Quebec was able to make a lot more electricity.]] [[C) The land and ways of life of many Indigenous Peoples were impacted by Hydrodams.]] [[d) Electricity in the early 1900s was made by many different small companies.]]

Transport and communication In 1900, most people in Quebec traveled by horse and cart. Cars were so rare that horses almost always got scared when they saw one! There were fewer than 200 cars in the province of Quebec in 1905. <img src="https://societies.learnquebec.ca/wp-content/uploads/nggallery/quebec-1905/Bonsecours-Market-on-Jacques-Cartier-Square-1910.jpeg" After World War II ended in 1945, more and more people could afford to buy cars. The government saw that people needed cars to get around, so they built new roads, bridges, and highways across Quebec. By 1980, cars could be found everywhere. Trucks and a new invention, airplanes, also became popular ways of moving goods. This meant that trains, which had been used to carry most things from place to place in the early 1900's, now had to compete for business. ''Question:''What was the main CAUSE of Quebec building many new roads, bridges, and highways? [[A) The government wanted to make work for construction workers.]] [[B) More people could afford cars and needed places to drive them.]] [[C) Trains were too slow. People wanted faster transportation]]

Good try! Let's look closely at the document. It says, 'This meant that electricity was controlled by the Quebec government.' The words 'This meant that' are a big clue. They tell us that what follows was happen ''because'' of the Quiet Revolution and Hydro-Québec. So, this is an ''effect.'' Remember, we're looking for the one answer that was NOT an effect. Try again: [[Electricity]]

That's a good thought, but let's re-read the document! The text states, 'This led to Quebec making lots of electricity...' The words 'This led to' are a strong hint that making more electricity was an ''effect ''(what happened because of) the Quiet Revolution's actions with Hydro-Québec and the dams. In this question, we are trying to find the answer that was ''NOT an effect.'' Try again: [[Electricity]]

You're paying close attention to the details in the document! The text clearly states that building the dams 'also impacted the land and ways of life of many Indigenous Peoples.' This impact definitely happened ''because'' of Hydro-Québec building dams during the Quiet Revolution. So, this is an'' effect''. Remember, you're trying to find the answer that was NOT an effect. Did you know? The Inuit, Mi'gmaq and Naskapi Nations had to stand up against the government to defend their rights related to the land impacted by these dams. Give it another shot: [[Electricity]]

Fantastic job! You got it right! The document starts by telling us that 'In the early 1900s, electricity was made by many different small companies.' This happened before the Quiet Revolution even began. It's telling us what things were like ''before'' the big changes. So, this describes a cause or background situation, not something that happened because of the Quiet Revolution. You correctly identified the answer that was NOT an effect! What change will you explore next? What do you want to explore next? [[Industrialization]] [[Transportation and communication]] or, go back to the [[Introduction]]

Look at this part of the text: "The government saw that people needed cars to get around, so they built many new roads, bridges, and highways." The word "so" tells us the government built roads BECAUSE people needed them for their cars, not to create jobs. Go back and try another answer : [[Transportation and communication]]

Perfect! You found the correct cause! What would you like to explore next? [[Industrialization]] [[Electricity]] or, go back to the [[Introduction]]

Re-read at this part: "This meant that trains, which used to carry most things from place to place, now had to compete with trucks." The sentence shows that trains lost business AFTER the roads were built, not before. Trains being slow ''did not'' cause the roads to be built. Hint for next time: Look for the sentence that explains what happened first - the cause often comes ''before''the effect. Go back and try again : [[Transportation and communication]]

Look at this part of the text: "The government took over running the hospitals from the Church." This shows the government TOOK the hospitals from the Church, not that the Church asked them to do it. Go try again : [[Changes in services ]]

Excellent work! You found the correct cause! Now explore how quebec changed to become a [[Welfare State]]

The paragraph doesn't mention doctors wanting more money. Look at this key sentence: "Many poor families couldn't afford to go to the hospital when they were sick, so some people didn't get the help they needed." Now go back and try another answer: [[Changes in services ]]

Welfare State <img src="https://societies.learnquebec.ca/wp-content/uploads/nggallery/quebec-1980/nn_0c833907506022.jpg" Before 1960, families had to solve most of their problems by themselves or ask the Church for help. But the government realized it could do a better job of helping people with things like healthcare, education, and finding jobs. So Quebec became what we call a "welfare state" - a government that takes care of its citizens' needs. To do all this new work, the government had to hire thousands of new workers. They created many new government departments. Each department needed workers. By the late 1960s, about 16 out of every 100 working people in Quebec had a job with the government! This was a huge change from before, when very few people worked for the government. In 1900, most people worked in farming or forestry. ''Question:'' According to the document, what was the main EFFECT of Quebec becoming a welfare state? [[A) The Church became more powerful in Quebec]] [[B) Many thousands of people got new jobs working for the government]] [[C) Families stopped helping each other with their problems]]

Look at this part: "Before this time, families had to solve most of their problems by themselves or ask the Church for help. But the government realized it could do a better job." This shows the government was taking over jobs the Church used to do, making the Church less powerful, not more. Go back and try again: [[Welfare State]]

Excellent work! You found the correct effect! What will you explore next? [[Changes in education]] or [[Changes in the economy]] ?

The paragraph says families used to solve problems "by themselves OR ask the Church for help" - it doesn't say they stopped helping each other. Look for what increased: "By the late 1960s, about 16 out of every 100 working people in Quebec had a job with the government!" Now go back and try again: [[Welfare State]]

Excellent work! You correctly identified the cause. When analyzing documents, always look for cause-and-effect words like "caused" and "because" - they help you identify what led to historical changes. What do you want to explore next? [[Electricity]] [[Transportation and communication]] or, go back to the [[Introduction]]

This answer is not in the document. While people might have wanted to move to cities to live closer to neighbors and stores, the document doesn't say this caused urbanization. Remember: in document analysis, stick to what the document actually says, not what might also be true. Go back and try again: [[Changes in the economy]]

This answer is not supported by the document. The document doesn't mention anything about government forcing people to move. When analyzing historical documents, only use information that is actually written in the text. Don't add ideas that aren't there, even if they might seem logical. Go back and look for what the document actually says caused people to move: [[Changes in the economy]]

This answer isn't in the document. The document talks about school attendance, not church. When looking for an effect, find sentences that show what happened AFTER the change. Look for words like "because of this" or "now." Try again [[Changes in education]]

Excellent! You correctly identified an effect of mandatory schooling. Go on to the next section: [[Deconfessionalization ]]

The document doesn't mention parents paying money. It says that education will be free. Try again: [[Changes in education]]

Deconfessionalization Before 1960, Quebec hospitals and schools were run by churches. Catholic children went to Catholic schools. Protestant children went to Protestant schools. <img src="https://societies.learnquebec.ca/wp-content/uploads/nggallery/quebec-1980/29229.jpg" The government decided schools should be for all children together, no matter what religion they had. They wanted schools to spend more time teaching subjects like math and science instead of focusing on religion. In 1964, the government created the Ministry of Education which replaced the Church in controlling the educational system. By 1970, most schools were open to everyone and trained teachers were hired by the government, not by churches. ''Question:'' What CAUSED schools to become open to everyone? [[A) The government decided all children should learn together, no matter their religion.]] [[B) There weren't enough teachers to have separate schools anymore.]] [[C) Parents didn't want their children to learn about religion.]]

Great job! You found the answer in the document. It says "The government decided schools should be for all children together, no matter what religion they had." When reading documents, look for words that show who made decisions - like "government decided." Go back to the [[Introduction]] and pick a new topic to explore!

The document doesn't say anything about not having enough teachers. Remember to only pick answers that match what you read in the document. Read the document and try again : [[Deconfessionalization ]]

The document doesn't say parents didn't want religion taught. It only says the government decided to open schools to everyone. Always base your answer on what's written in the document, not on other ideas. Try again: [[Deconfessionalization ]]