Between 1871 and 1921, 11 numbered treaties were negotiated and signed by the government and Indigenous people. These treaties or agreements on land usage and rights impacted territories and societies in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario. These treaties helped the government expand its territory westward. It is important to know that not everyone feels these agreements were honoured. 

Historical and modern-day treaties and land agreements can impact land ownership and each party’s rights and responsibilities. Treaties impact hunting and fishing regulations, rights to self-government, funding and access to services and more. 

It is essential to know that only some regions of Canada are covered by treaties and land agreements. For example, much of Quebec is considered unceded territory; this means that no formal legal agreement was signed between the Indigenous Nations living on the territory and the government. 

We encourage you to learn more about specific treaties and land claims agreements and how they continue to impact the societies in that region.

Text by LEARN/RÉCIT. Reference: Assembly of First Nations: It’s Our Time Educational Toolkit

You can access transcribed primary documents of the Numbered Treaties on the Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada website.